tobacco – Matters of Substance

Kevan (name changed) participated in one of two participatory focus groups held in Victoria and Vancouver in the spring of 2013 to provide advice on helping create services for men living with HIV who smoke tobacco products. During the focus group he learned that smoking rates among gay men and persons living with HIV (PLWH) are 2 – 4 times higher than the general population. Smoking is a major modifiable determinant of health associated with significant comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, pulmonary, renal diseases) and HIV disease progression. Among gay and bisexual men, heavier tobacco use is associated with more severe illness symptoms and higher smoking rates are associated with comorbid illness. Previous smoking reduction and cessation (SRC) interventions used generalized (one-size-fits-all) approaches that have limited success with gay men. Tailoring SRC interventions to the unique needs of gay PLWH may improve the success of SRC with these men. Working with gay men living with HIV who smoke, the BC Lung Association’s QuitNow Program, and researchers from the Schools of Nursing at the University of British Columbia and the University of Ottawa are exploring the use of personas and empathy mapping to develop a tailored SRC web-assisted tobacco intervention (WATI).

Kevan and his peers were invited to become researcher-participants in the development of personas representing the typical gay man living with HIV who smokes. Personas are used in marketing to develop “detailed descriptions of imaginary people constructed out of well-understood, highly specified data about real people.” Personas help people who do not belong to a target market understand the needs of people like Kevan and how their culture influences health promotion and smoking behaviors. During participatory design sessions, Kevan and his peers generated a name and demographic information for their ‘persona’ and ascribed unique thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to each persona. Four personas emerged from the design sessions, Joe Average, Biff Barista, Riley Homo, and Joe Schmo.

Joe Average, for example, is an HIV positive gay man living with his partner in a mid-sized city. He works full time He is a pack-a-day smoker who often smokes with his partner, co-workers, or friends. He is strongly goal oriented and he strives to manage his HIV. He makes sure that he eats right and gets plenty of exercise. Often under deadlines for his job, he finds himself smoking to relieve stress. He smokes as part of his many routines, including taking medications and vitamins, activities of daily living (e.g., showering), socializing with co-workers, smoking marijuana with his partner, and he sometimes smokes cigarettes after getting high on marijuana. Although concerned with his health, he hasn’t been able to quit smoking.

The four personas created by Kevan and his peers were analyzed using ethnographic and thematic analysis techniques to understand the collective needs of HIV positive gay men who smoke and how culture influences their SRC efforts. The first theme that emerged was navigating life and HIV, followed by triple stigma (i.e. gay-related stigma, HIV-related stigma, smoking-related stigma), immunity to public health messages, complexity of managing HIV, complexity of managing identity, benefits of smoking, anxiety about life, and apathy about life. Our goals with Kevan and his peers are to engage with gay men living with HIV who smoke as researcher-participants. This approach affords gay men living with HIV who smoke the opportunity to collaborate with each other, policy makers, researchers, and clinicians in the development of a WATI that includes input and collaboration from all stakeholders.

Authors:

J. Craig Phillips, PhD, LLM, RN, ARNP, PMHCNS-BC, ACRN, Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of Ottawa

Jack Boomer, MPA, B.Ed., Director, QuitNow, BC Lung Association, Principal, Context Research

Leanne M. Currie, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia

**Please note that the material presented here does not necessarily imply endorsement or agreement by individuals at the Centre for Addictions Research of BC

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have become a fad consumer product in several countries and are banned in others. Here in Canada, nicotine-containing products are regulated (de facto banned) by Health Canada, and non-nicotine e-cigs are legal for sale. However, nicotine products are openly sold in e-cig boutiques in Canada and are available online.

Everyone seems to ask one of two questions: “Are e-cigs harmful?” or “Are e-cigs less harmful than smoking?”
In a year or so, tobacco control researchers expect to have enough published studies for evidence-based recommendations on e-cigs. Here is some of the data available now on the composition of inhaled and exhaled vapor.

Sellers and most users believe that what they are “vaping” (inhaling) is the base ingredient (propylene glycol and/or glycerine), flavouring ingredients, and nicotine (or none). However, research has detected other harmful substances in e-cig vapour, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, nickel, chromium, and lead. Some vapour testing has identified lead and chromium concentrations equivalent to cigarettes, and nickel concentrations two to 100 times higher than in Marlboro cigarette smoke. Yet the potential for harm reduction is evidenced by a study finding the average levels of 12 toxic substances in vapour to be nine to 450 times lower than in cigarette smoke.

Now what about second-hand vapour? Vapour has been demonstrated to produce second-hand nicotine exposure, even though nicotine levels in second-hand vapour were one tenth of those in smoke from tobacco cigarettes. For example, one study showed that of the 20 compounds present in second-hand smoke, e-cigs produced four of them, with three at significantly lower levels than cigarettes. However, one study found similar levels of nicotine biomarkers in research subjects exposed to second-hand vapour as to second-hand smoke.

Research to date informs us that vapour has fewer toxins than cigarette smoke, and has comparatively lower concentrations of other harmful compounds. But e-cigs do produce problematic toxic exposures, and vapour does add some toxins to the air. With studies documenting airborne nicotine and positive tests for second-hand nicotine exposure, the precautionary principle would subject vaping to current smoking bans to protect bystanders, as recommended by the German Cancer Research Centre.

Many more questions need to be addressed, including product safety and the potential increase in population rates of nicotine use, before the healthcare community will be able to assess if e-cigs can be endorsed for harm reduction. In the meantime, e-cig users continue to vape, hoping that they are reducing their health risks, and bystanders breathe in vape, hoping that it is harmless.

From the available research, one fact is clear: while e-cig vapour exhibits potential for harm reduction, e-cig vapour is not harmless water vapour.

Author: Renee O’Leary, PhD student, Centre for Addictions Research of BC, University of Victoria

**Please note that the material presented here does not necessarily imply endorsement or agreement by individuals at the Centre for Addictions Research of BC

Tag: tobacco

Tailoring tobacco smoking reduction and cessation interventions with gay men living with HIV

E-cigarettes: On the Vapour Trail for Harm Reduction