{"id":45,"date":"2025-11-07T00:59:49","date_gmt":"2025-11-07T00:59:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/?page_id=45"},"modified":"2025-11-07T01:07:13","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T01:07:13","slug":"connected-automation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/connected-automation\/","title":{"rendered":"Connected automation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Motivation<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"331\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46\" style=\"width:275px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-9.png 289w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-9-262x300.png 262w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p>\u2022 Vehicles and infrastructure <strong>share<\/strong> the <strong>sensed information<\/strong> and <strong>knowledge<\/strong> (model)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Long-range information collected and distributed intelligence to enhance safety and efficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Vehicles <strong>form a network dynamically<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Platooning to avoid traffic jam, save energy and reduce pollution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>On-demand <\/strong>intelligent transportation services<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Improve vehicle utilization and save parking space<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">V2X protocol design and optimization<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Time\/location-critical reliability<\/strong>: Safety messages should be delivered before location-dependent deadline [1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"242\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-10.png 624w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-10-300x116.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>DSRC\/IEEE 802.11p<\/strong>:  Cannot deal with the hidden terminal and congestion collapse; high collision prob. lead to low reliability and efficiency; No feedback for beacon broadcasting, blind retransmission (repeat) leads to low efficiency [2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>C-V2X Standard<\/strong>: Reuse of DSRC\/C-ITS established service and app layers; reuse of existing security and transport layers; continuous enhancements to the radio\/lower layers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PHY: Demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols to handle high Doppler with relative speeds of up to 500km\/h and at high frequency (5.9GHz ITS band)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MAC: <strong>semi-persistent transmission (SPS)<\/strong>, scheduling in a stand-alone fashion in each user equipment (UE)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"381\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-50\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-11.png 788w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-11-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-11-768x371.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Problems with SPS: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p><strong>Reliability<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hidden-terminal and high mobility =&gt; conflicted reservation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failed reservation leads to high collision&nbsp; and low reliability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Scalability<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Congested network may have thousands of vehicles per km<sup>2<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heavy mutual interference and collisions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Efficiency<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lack of feedback for beacon broadcasting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blind retransmissions lead to more collisions and low efficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>How communication impairments affect control?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"523\" height=\"236\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-51\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-12.png 523w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-12-300x135.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 523px) 100vw, 523px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"897\" height=\"297\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-52\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-13.png 897w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-13-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-13-768x254.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 897px) 100vw, 897px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">communication delay &lt; 200 ms             vs.          communication delay &lt; 20 ms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">When all messages can be exchanged reliably within 20ms, all followers can maintain their speeds to be very close to the header; when the reliability can only be achieved within 200ms, the velocities of the followers have high variations. Clearly, the reduction of communication delay for reliable message exchange can be directly converted to the reduction of velocity variation and the space between the vehicles [4,5].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">How to minimize SPS reservation collisions?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"616\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-53\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-14.png 616w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-14-300x141.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong><strong>Distributed and Adaptive Reservation Protocol<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>for Beaconing<\/strong> [6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>How to recover transmission errors?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"449\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-54\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-15.png 449w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-15-300x257.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 449px) 100vw, 449px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Collaborative Retransmissions with Network Coding<\/strong> [7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">How to ensure reliability and timeliness?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"477\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.57.58-PM-1024x477.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.57.58-PM-1024x477.png 1024w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.57.58-PM-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.57.58-PM-768x358.png 768w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.57.58-PM.png 1031w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Performance Analysis and Optimization for SPS [8]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"465\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-56\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-16.png 465w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/image-16-300x181.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Resource Reservation Coordination [9]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Intelligent network protocols for connected automation [10]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"826\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.32.50-PM.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.32.50-PM.png 826w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.32.50-PM-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9797\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-06-at-4.32.50-PM-768x418.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 826px) 100vw, 826px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] Y. Zhuang, J. Pan, Y. Luo, and L. Cai, &#8220;Time and Location-Critical Emergency Message Dissemination for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks,&#8221; IEEE JSAC, special issue on Vehicular and Communications and Networks, vol. 29, issue 1, pp. 187-196, Jan. 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2] Y. Ni, L. Cai, J. He, A. Vinel, Y. Li, H. Mosavat-Jahromi, and J. Pan, &#8220;Toward Reliable and Scalable Internet-of-Vehicles: Performance Analysis and Resource Management,&#8221; Proceedings of The IEEE, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 324-340, Feb. 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3] X. Gu, et al, &#8220;Performance analysis on access collision in semi-persistent scheduling of C-V2X mode 4,&#8221; IEEE VTC2021-Fall (virtual), Oct. 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4] C. Zhao, L. Cai, C. Peng, &#8220;Stability Analysis of Vehicle Platooning with Limited Communication Range and Random Packet Losses,&#8221; IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(1):262-277, Jan. 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[5] C. Zhao, X. Duan, L. Cai, and P. Cheng, \u201cVehicle Platooning with Non-ideal Communication Networks,\u201d IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 70(1):18-32, Jan. 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[6] H. Mosavat-Jahromi, Y. Li, Y. Ni and L. Cai, \u201cDistributed and Adaptive Reservation MAC Protocol for Beaconing in Vehicular Networks,\u201d in&nbsp;<em>IEEE Trans. on Mobile Computing<\/em>, 20(10):2936-2948, Oct. 2021. doi: 10.1109\/TMC.2020.2992045.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;[7] H. Mosavat-Jahromi, Y. Li, L. Cai, and L. Lu, &#8220;NC\u2013MAC: A Distributed MAC Protocol for Reliable Beacon Broadcasting&nbsp; in V2X,\u201d IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 70(6):6044-6057, June 2021.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[8] X. Gu, J. Peng, L. Cai, Y. Cheng, X. Zhang, W. Liu, Z. Huang, \u201cPerformance Analysis and Optimization for Semi-Persistent Scheduling in C-V2X,\u201d IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 4628-4642, Apr. 2023.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[9] X. Gu, J. Peng, L. Cai, W. Liu, X. Zhang, Z. Huang, &#8220;Resource Reservation Coordination for Vehicle Platooning in C-V2X Networks,\u201d IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 5515-5528, Jun. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[10] L. Cai, et. al &#8220;Self-Evolving and Transformative (SET) Protocol Architecture for 6G,&#8221; IEEE Wireless Communi. Magazine, 2023.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Motivation \u2022 Vehicles and infrastructure share the sensed information and knowledge (model) \u2022 Vehicles form a network dynamically \u2022 On-demand intelligent transportation services V2X protocol design and optimization Time\/location-critical reliability: Safety messages should be delivered before location-dependent deadline [1] DSRC\/IEEE 802.11p: Cannot deal with the hidden terminal and congestion collapse; high collision prob. lead to &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/connected-automation\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Connected automation<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4151,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-45","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/45","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4151"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=45"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/45\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63,"href":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/45\/revisions\/63"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/mobileintelligence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=45"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}