Das, G., Patra, J. K., Gonçalves, S., Romano, A., Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E. P., Heredia, J. B., Talukdar, A. D., Shome, S., & Shin, H.-S. (2020). Galangal, the multipotent super spices: A comprehensive review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 101, 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.032
We are very happy with how our experiential learning activity played out! Even if it was time consuming, it was a lot of fun to taste the different recipes, and we will definitely be remaking some dishes – like the Cinnamon Brewet and the Poudre Douce. That being said, there are always things that could have been done better when viewing our experience in hindsight. The main change would be our use of modern technology that likely affected the taste and texture profile of the food. We were very grateful for Nick’s food processor to grind the almonds and the breadcrumbs, but we missed out on the opportunity to really experience the demanding physical work of Medieval cooking. Our arms and hands were already aching after a couple of minutes, so we can’t imagine having to push through for 3 cups of almonds and 1 cup of breadcrumbs, on top of all the spices! We also used pre-ground cinnamon, nutmeg, and sandalwood, which might have affected the strength in flavours. Because of this, we also can’t testify to the true amount of time needed for the Apple muse and Almond milk – two dishes that would have spoiled very quickly. In addition, a hearth and stew pot would have enabled us to cook the stock and Cinnamon Brewet overnight (unsupervised), which would have augmented the flavour and tenderness of the meat.
Unlike modern cookbooks written for novices, Medieval cookbooks were generally written with the intended audience being an already experienced chef. As ⅔ of our group cannot be called experienced cooks by any stretch of the imagination, we struggled a bit with interpretation even before factoring some of the archaic language and phrasing used. With much of the recipe, especially for the Cinnamon Brewet, we were happy for Nick’s expertise in interpreting the instructions. This needed interpretation based on personal experience however, means that we may not have followed the instructions exactly as the original author intended.
We chose to make our own bread, something that would have been accurate for a large scale kitchen but maybe not for a more intimate personal kitchen. Most people were not equipped with the necessary equipment to grind flour, nor did everyone have an oven suited to baking bread. In the modern day it is much more expensive to buy rye ‘artisanal’ bread than it is to buy processed white bread, a complete flip of the reality in Medieval times (Kuropatnicki, 2009).
In conclusion, this experimental project showed us how easy we have it in our modern kitchens; with our powdered spices, pre-made broths and milks, and convenient ovens. The Medieval kitchen, while definitely functional and capable of producing good meals, required more time and work from the cooks. The question of availability also comes into play. For us, finding saffron, galangal, or cinnamon is a quick trip to the store in our car or an order on Amazon. In Medieval France, the more exotic spices were over sea and land, with individuals having to go to the market, walking or on horseback. A process that most likely took months, if not years, whereas now, something coming directly from Africa can do the distance in under forty-eight hours. For future projects, it would be interesting to try Medieval recipes from different regions (outside of Europe) and periods within the Middle Ages.
Thanks for joining us on our culinary journey to Medieval France!
Reference:
Kuropatnicki, A. K. (2009). English Nobleman’s Bread. Bread in Later Medieval and Tudor England. Studies in Foreign Language, 1, 49-73.
If you remember from our proposal post, our first question for this experiential research was:
What were the smells, taste, and texture of medieval French dishes, and how do they differ from modern-day Western recipes?
To set the scene, imagine a crowded kitchen (which wouldn’t have been relatable for royalty but maybe for peasants with big families) slowly warming up with multiple boiling pots. You hear the grinding of spices and almonds, the sizzling of meat, loud conversation, and some background music. You smell the Cinnamon Brewet — the mixture of beef, cinnamon, and wine. After 3 hours of cooking (from 11am to 2pm), you finally sit at a marble table with each dish served separately on nice plates. Dig in!
Our little set up!
Apple muse
Flavor Nick = 6/10 Anjuli = 3/10 Audrey = 5/10
Texture Nick = 1/10 Anjuli = 3/10 Audrey = 5/10
Scent Nick = 7.5/10 Anjuli = 2/10 Audrey = 3/10
We all found that this dessert had a very strong taste of honey and licorice (we think this was due to the Rye bread). And the real kicker was that we couldn’t even taste the apples — we felt that all our hard work of peeling, cutting and boiling the apples had little reward! We didn’t see the point of eating it alone, and Nick thinks it would be better paired with some cheese. Also, the texture of the Apple muse was grainy with uneven clumps of bread — despite our efforts at grinding it by hand and by machine! Audrey didn’t dislike the texture all that much but would have preferred fewer bread crumbs to have more of a smooth puree. It smelled mostly of honey and wet bread — and we didn’t taste or smell the almond milk (not surprising after we tasted the milk by itself).
Thank God for the Industrial Revolution…
Turnips
Flavor Nick = 6.5/10 Anjuli = 7/10 Audrey = 7/10
Texture Nick = 8/10 Anjuli = 8/10 Audrey = 10/10
Scent Nick = 8/10 Anjuli = 8/10 Audrey = 8/10
The turnips melted in our mouths after boiling them in beef stock and frying them in butter. Unfortunately, some of the pieces were very bitter and overpowered the taste of the butter and spices — this was likely a common occurrence for peasants without a garden. That being said, Anjuli discovered a new love for this vegetable and will try a second attempt at this recipe with a fresher selection of turnips.
Cinnamon Brewet
Flavor Nick = 9/10 Anjuli = 7/10 Audrey = 9/10
Texture Nick = 9/10 Anjuli = 8/10 Audrey = 9/10
Scent Nick = 10/10 Anjuli = 10/10 Audrey = 10/10
The Cinnamon Brewet filled the kitchen with a wonderful mouth-watering scent of cinnamon… and the three-hour wait was so worthwhile! The meat was so soft and sweet (due to all the spices) and had a hint of wine. The almonds also added a nice crunch to every bite! That being said, we barely tasted the cinnamon — because of this, we believe that the recipe was modified to cater to modern cuisine since cinnamon is rarely used in our meals.
Almond Milk
Flavor Nick = 2/10 Anjuli = 3/10 Audrey = 2/10
Texture The milk as well strained and we didn’t have any stray almond in our cups
Scent The milk had no scent!
The recipe that we used called the almond milk “quite a bit better than” the barley water (Greco & Rose, 2009), an observation that we wholeheartedly disagreed with. This was the most disappointing recipe!! It was so gross and lacked flavour — we could barely taste the almonds, and since there was no sweetener, it tasted like very, very, very diluted almond milk. The fact that the water (which can be argued not to have a taste) was the dominant flavour makes it so much worse! Audrey would describe it as dirty dishwater, and Nick also found that the almond milk coated his mouth.
The scene of the crime
On top of that, the grinding of the almonds was very time-consuming and hard on the arm and hand. Because of this, we decided to use a food processor to speed up the process, but we were once again humbled when we had to strain the liquid from the almonds with a cheesecloth. So messy!!
Barley Water
Flavor without lemon juice Nick = 8/10 Anjuli = 7/10 Audrey = 4/10
Flavor with lemon juice Nick = 8/10 Anjuli = 8/10 Audrey = 7/10
Texture We chose to drink the water hot.
Scent Nick = 4/10 Anjuli = 6/10 Audrey = 3/10
We were all very surprised at how sweet the Barley water was! Audrey compared the taste with pasta water with a LOT of sugar (disgusting!), but Anjuli and Nick liked the flavour (hot nutty and sweet water) and could see why people drank the mixture as a tea. The recipe we followed recommended adding lemon juice for an extra kick, and wow, what a change! It tasted like lemonade (Audrey was instantly hooked), and it would have been refreshing in the summer.
As for the scent, the barley was stronger than the sugar, and Audrey was instantly reminded of the smell of dirty but wet dishes in a sink. The sugar added an extra layer of disgusting, but the lemon juice once again saved the day and subtly overpowered the other smells.
Poudre Douce
Flavor Nick = 8/10 Anjuli = 7/10 Audrey = 10/10
Texture The spices were well crushed and were homogenous with the sugar.
Scent Nick = 9/10 Anjuli = 9/10 Audrey = 10/10
While it was only a small component of the overall meal, we were very excited to try the Poudre Douce as it included spices that none of us had ever tasted before and ones that we would never have thought of putting in a savoury dish. The recipe we used is far from the only one, but we believe it turned out quite tasty, despite the subpar quality of our spice grinding. Medieval chefs definitively had far stronger forearms than we do!
Anjuli’s workout of the day!
As you can see by our ratings, the Poudre douce was a hit! The spices smelled so nice and added a unique flavour profile to the turnips. The grains of paradise also had an interesting citrusy note, and the galingale was sweet/spicy but not as strong as the ginger. In our opinion, this mix could be used in other recipes like cookies, meats, other veggies… really anything, it was so good!
Rye Bread
Flavor Nick = 7/10 Anjuli = 6/10 Audrey = 6/10
Texture Nick = 7/10 Anjuli = 7/10 Audrey = 7/10
Scent Nick = 7/10 Nick was the only one that got to smell the hot bread right out of the oven. Once it was cold, it had no distinct scent.
Unfortunately, the bread featured in a previous blog turned out better than our final attempt — Nick thinks that it’s because the second dough was not wet enough. Despite being very dense, the bread was perfect for absorbing all the flavours of the Cinnamon Brewet!
We couldn’t identify any differences between this recipe and modern ones. Bread is bread – there’s not much to it! But we did notice that we were stuffed after one or two pieces, so we can see how the rye bread would have been perfect for a long day at work or to fill empty stomachs in times of scarcity.
Our Additional Thoughts:
The Poudre douce was also the only recipe we used that had written quantities for the ingredients. Most measurements were not standardized at this time because people did not have measuring equipment found in our modern kitchens. On top of this lack of standardization, recipes were often written in a manner that could be interpreted for both a single family and an entire banquet (Taillevent & Scully, 1988). Thus, the inclusion of quantities in all our recipes would have been unusual in the medieval period.
Vegetable recipes were not considered noteworthy in the medieval period, so they were not usually included in cookbooks. The turnip dish we made did not have a name, and the recipe focuses mainly on instructing how to harvest and prepare the vegetable itself rather than how to cook it. The recipe was included alongside instructions on salting ham or identifying good cheese, rather than with the other recipes (Greco & Rose, 2009).
While extremely underwhelming, the recipe for apple muse was interesting in its inclusion of multiple ingredients for food colouring. Many recipes of the time include saffron for food colouring, but this recipe also includes sandalwood to achieve its red colour. Unlike modern food colouring, these ingredients added taste to the food alongside colouring. For example, sandalwood powder is bitter and is rarely used in modern recipes due to its flavour. Including these ingredients stressed to us how vital the dish’s appearance was, maybe even taking priority over taste.
Yum yum yum
For our secound research question: How does it feel to finally sit down and taste our creations together?
After 3 hours of cooking, we were tired, hungry, and excited to finally taste our dishes! The order of courses were very different in medieval times than they are now. Unlike today, dessert/sweet dishes would not have been consumed separately from the savoury dishes (Greco & Rose, 2009). To imitate this, we served all of our dishes at the same time and ate them all together. But because the meal was so rich in protein, we were stuffed after a few bites! Eating made us sleepy and we were so thankful for Nick’s dishwasher — all the recipes asked for a lot of bowls, utensils, and pots.
References
Greco, G. L., & Rose, C. M. (2009). The Good Wife’s Guide (Le Ménagier de Paris): A Medieval Household Book. Cornell University Press.
Taillevent, & Scully, T. (Ed). (1988). The Viandier of Taillevent: An Edition of all Extant Manuscripts. University of Ottawa Press.
We have started our search for our supplies! Here are the recipes we will be following and pictures of the ingredients that we have at our houses. Why don’t you look into your own cupboards to see if you can start one of the recipes! The links are attached to each one below.
Almond Milk (15th c.) – Ingredients; – 2 cups blanched almonds – 3 cups hot water
Barley Water (14th c.) – Ingredients – 1/4 cup pearl barley – 2 Tbsp. sugar – 2 cups boiling water – Peel and juice from 1 lemon
Audrey has honey, sugar, cinnamon, salt, barley, and allspice (cinnamon, nutmeg, and clove mix) at home!
Apple muse (15th c.) Ingredients – 2 apples – 1 cup almond milk – 4 Tbsp. honey – 1 cup (2 slices) bread crumbs – 1 tsp. sandalwood – pinch of saffron – dash of salt
Anjuli has red wine, cinnamon (whole and ground), saffron, cloves, honey, whole nutmeg, and blanched almonds at home!
Nick has apples, white and rye flour, cloves, honey, ginger, nutmeg, butter, sugar, and cinnamon at home. He will also be making beef broth from scratch!
Sourdough bread — Ingredients – 1 ½ cup sourdough – 1 cup rye flour (our substitute for whole wheat flour) – 2 ¼ cup warm water – 5 ¾ cup white flour – 1 T salt
Nick started the sourdough this week… but more on that in a future blog!
Now all we need to buy is sandalwood, a lemon, beef, and 4 turnips at the store. Aside from the sandalwood, we will purchase the remaining products closer to our cooking day!
As mentioned in our first blog, we will be following several 14th- to 15th-century French Medieval recipes from the website ‘Medieval Cookery’ ! More specifically, we will be making almond milk, barley water, bread, turnip salad, cinnamon brewet (a beef dish), and apple muse all from scratch!
Apple Muse was a dessert eaten during the 15th century in England, France, and Naples. Medieval Cookery notes that it has a oatmeal texture and a hint of cherry flavour. Image from A Dollop of History: https://historydollop.com/2017/04/17/apple-muse/
With this project, we hope to:
Gain insight into the culinary realities of peasants and royals alike… that being said, did you know that most peasant women and men were illiterate (Vaughan, 2020)? As a result, the original transcription of the recipes will come from the scribes of the wealthy.
Expand our knowledge on how religion, the balancing of humours, seasonality, and social class influenced the making and eating of food. Can you think of how your eating habits is influenced by modern culture?
Almonds, Amigdale dulces, from The Four Seasons, The House of Cerruti (Met Museum). Did you know that almond milk was used as a substitute to milk or cream during ‘fish days’, which was when the church placed restrictions on what could be eaten?
So what kinds of questions should we ask ourselves to explore these themes through experiencial learning? Here is what we have so far (but more will probably come to us doing the actual cooking!)
What were the smells, taste, and texture of medieval French dishes, and how do they differ from modern-day Western recipes?
What was the workload of medieval cooking and how do we feel as newbies in the kitchen ? (could this related to children learning to cook…)
How does it feel to finally sit down and taste our creations together? (could this relate to families eating together…)
Barley water recipes were very often written in medieval medical texts. What do you think are the health benefits of this drink? Getty Images
Overall, the enjoyment of food is a universal cultural experience, and we hope to join this cultural experience by bringing Medieval French food into our modern context! We will take plenty of photos and written notes during the cooking and feast to share with you all! But for now, look out for the next blog on our ingredients!!
Reference:
Vaughan, T. A. (2020). Women, Food, and Diet in the Middle Ages: Balancing the Humours. Amsterdam University Press.
For his experiment, he dropped bronze cauldrons on various materials — wooden plank, soft brick, a boulder of quartzite sandstone, iron axeblade, and the back of an iron ax — to compare the resulting damage with those on Medieval vessels. Due to the energy and precision required to create dents and cracks during his experiment, he concluded that the unearthed vessels were used as a form of ritual mutilation (a common practice for other objects such as swords and saddles). He provides the following supporting evidence for this practice (which I found very interesting!)
Damaged cauldrons could still be recycled and melted down to make new products. Why would people not prioritize reducing costs for future purchases?
Cauldrons are hardly ever found in middens. Why did past owners not view them as waste?
Cauldrons are often found in water sources, such as moors, rivers, and wells. Perhaps due to another aspect of a ritual?
Some cauldrons lacked any evidence of cookware or food residue. Why were they made if not for deliberate deposition?
Overall, his experiment made me reflect on Medieval bronze cauldrons and their cultural significance outside of the kitchen.
A Medieval Kitchen: Il Cuoco Segreto Di Papa Pio V (The Private Chef of Pope Pius V), by Bartolomeo Scappi, Venice, 1570.
We are Audrey, Nick, and Anjuli, students of ANTH 361: Medieval Archeology. For our experiential project, we will be cooking a medieval meal to get a taste of the past and a better understanding of medieval foodways. Food plays an intrinsic role in everyday life, such as with religion, medicine, and economics, and we hope to explore these topics in our reflections.
Peasants sharing a simple meal of bread and drink; Livre du roi Modus et de la reine Ratio, 14th century. Wikipedia
More specifically, we will be delving into common French cuisine from the 14th-15th century, and while we won’t be able to accurately replicate a medieval kitchen, we hope to experience its smells, tastes, and culture with our selected dishes. Using recipes from Medieval Cookery, we will be making:
Almond milk
Barley water
Turnips
Bread
Cinnamon brewet (Beef Stew)
Apple muse
We are super excited for this project and we hope you are too! Check back on our blogs to follow our journey!
