Category Archives: Philosophy

The Rhyme of Life

The Rhyme of Life

This January morning the world greets me with misty fog, and moist crispness refreshes the whole of nature in its beauty. Outside, a deer fawn strides cautiously on the lawn ten meters from my gaze. I can see no mother deer. No father deer. No brothers or sisters. She is grazing, this fawn, amid a scene of soft browns and grays and muted greens, two patches of white accent her gray coat. She feasts on grass and leaves, oblivious to time and weather, alone and yet serene. Her head turns to distant voices and she is still. For minutes she is still, poised to move. And then, she is gone.

For me, it’s a morning for reading, and I’m immersed in Bruce Chatwin’s novel The Songlines, a potpourri of philosophical and anthropological ruminations braided through encounters with Aboriginals in Central Australia. Bruce, the narrator, explores human migration, parallel with his search for the etiology of his own restlessness.

Towards the end of the book, Bruce is in the London library researching animal migration, when he comes upon “the most spectacular of bird migrations: the flight of the Arctic tern, a bird which nests in the tundra; winters in Antarctic waters, and then flies back to the north.” He steps out into the street and, seeing a beggar rebuffed by a rich man, offers to buy the tramp lunch in exchange for the man’s travel stories. After two generous helpings of steak, the tramp tells his life story, and then as they part, the tramp says with great seriousness: “It’s like the tides was pulling you along the highway. I’m like the Arctic tern, guv’nor. That’s a bird. A beautiful white bird what flies from the North Pole to the South Pole and back again.”

My library copy of The Songlines seems barely used; no dog-ears or stains or underlining. Its spine is surprisingly stiff. A visit to my local library (the supervisor tells me she loved the book), reveals that my copy, in the past three years, had been borrowed thirty-two times and renewed twice. For a city the size of Victoria, it’s a fair amount of interest for a novel published over a quarter-century ago. Then stopped at a red light, I see across the upper part of the facade of a six-story office building to my right, a large sign with the name of one of the tenants in big black capital letters: “Chatwin Engineering.”

Synchronicity is what the Swiss psychologist, Cart Gustav Jung called simultaneous events linked together in a meaningful manner “where something other than the probability of chance is involved.” In Synchronicity, an Acausal Connecting Principle, Jung tells the story of a young woman patient who had been psychologically inaccessible. She always knew better about everything, with her “Cartesian rationalism” approach to reality. Jung had tried unsuccessfully to sweeten her rationalism with a more human understanding, but he’d been left only with the hope that “something unexpected and irrational would turn up.” In one of their sessions, she related an impressive dream she had had the night before, in which someone had given her a golden scarab, an expensive piece of jewellery. While she was telling Jung this dream, Jung heard a gentle tapping and turned to see a large flying insect knocking against the window-pane from outside. He opened the window and caught the creature in the air as it flew in. It was a “scarabaeid beetle, whose gold-green colour most nearly resembles that of the golden scarab.” Jung handed the beetle to his patient, saying “Here is your scarab.” This meaningful coincidence, writes Jung, “punctured the desired hole in her rationalism and broke the ice of her intellectual resistance. “The treatment could now be continued with satisfactory results.”

For years, I’d been fascinated by that extraordinary ancient creature, the chameleon, perhaps a nostalgic image from walkabouts I might have had as a child in the Negev desert. In 1999, well into my forties now, I’d left my job in Vancouver, sold the house and the furniture and the car, gave away the rest, and set out on a quest to visit small communities where people lived in harmony with nature. In two years I’d managed to visit over sixty of these ecovillages, on four continents, and even discovered several places I would have been proud to call home. But while finding utopia was easier than you’d expect, living in utopia turned out to be as elusive in reality as it had been attractive in imagination.

My chameleon encounter happened in November, 2000, when I’d been a volunteer with the month-long olive harvest on a kibbutz. The four of us were given long, thin, bare branches to whack the trees and shake loose the olives to the ground. One day, I’d been whacking olive trees under the hot sun when I noticed a chameleon on one of the branches. As I watched curiously, the green-skinned chameleon descended from a leafy olive branch to the ground, transforming itself into a tawny-skinned stick with a lizard-head. With eyes capable of rotating 180°, independent of each other, chameleons seem to float through space and time like tai chi chuan practitioners, sometimes upside down, grasping a branch with four two-pronged prehensile feet. We know them best for their natural camouflage, changing skin tone to match the colour of their surroundings.

That same afternoon, while walking on a path to the kibbutz dining room, I’d come across another chameleon almost under my feet. Again, I paused for a few minutes to admire the creature’s slow and deliberate ambulation.

Before I’d set off on my round-the-world quest, probably in February, 1998, I’d become interested in learning Italian, that musical language of bicecletta, farfale, and arcobaleno (bicycle, butterfly, rainbow). Strolling down Robson Street one sunny afternoon, I bought a copy of Il Piccolo Principe, to help with my Italian. But after the first phrase, which translates to “Once when I was six years old,” the rest of it was like Greek. So I picked up The Little Prince in English, and now, having read the book in English, I was intrigued by its author, Antoine de Saint Exupéry, and I read several books by and about this French writer and pilot, lost with his plane while flying a reconnaissance flight over the Balkans in 1944.

Italianissimo had not been the only topic occupying my time in those days. I’d also been consumed by the study of humanistic and transpersonal psychology. Curious to find follow-up to Abraham Maslow’s work (Maslow had died in 1973), I finally found one research study by Michael Piechowski, published in the Genetic Psychology Monographs in 1982. Piechowski’s paper, 58 pages of small print supplemented by charts, lists, and over a hundred research sources, is an assessment of the biographical character traits of two famous “self-actualizers.” Piechowski concludes the first of these self-actualizers, Eleanor Roosevelt, had been a non-transcendent self-actualizer (a doer”), while the second had been a transcendent self-actualizer (a “seer”). This second personality was Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.

You could say I’d had a peripatetic upbringing. Not because one of my parents had been a pilot, or a diplomat. We moved around because my parents were unsettled; in personality, as a couple, and how they fit with people and place. We moved around where we were based, and we moved from Israel to Canada and back more than once. I must have learned to accept life on the move, but I remember the painful realization growing up that my parents were dysfunctional together, like oil and water. It was on my fifteenth birthday that my father left us for the last time. That day I was so sick I was sure I was going to die from cholera. As I lay in bed worrying about death, my father came to say goodbye to his firstborn. Years later, I remember the prickly sensation that came along with knowing I couldn’t say that I loved my mother and father. Until shortly before their deaths, my feeling towards my parents had been a blend of ambivalence with a tinge of contempt.

Much later, in July of 2000, we convened for a small family reunion at my father’s house in Toronto. Joe and Judy had been separated for thirty years, and Judy had not been invited. Over the years, Joe had tried to reconnect with his offspring, with varying degrees of success. Most recently, he and I miraculously found some common ground. We had arrived at a calm rapport, like two retired pugilists who’d given up the boxing gloves and resolved to respect each other’s differences. In the desert of differences we even found a few oases of shared interest.

In my father’s chest then beat the heart of a young man. Transplanted half a decade before, it had, in Joe’s own words, given him the best years of his life. From the skeleton-like door of death, he’d been resurrected as his pudgy corporeal self. Now, as my brother recorded him on video, Joe reminisced about his early years in Israel and later labor battles he’d fought as plant chairman with the Canadian Auto Workers Union. And as if playing a role in a film, he entertained us with old Jewish tales and jokes that would perhaps have hit with more punch had they been told in the original Yiddish instead of being punctuated by the occasional full-belly laugh that more than once almost choked the air out of him.

I stayed for a few days, and then on the day of my flight to Vancouver, Joe had awoken with a strange pain in his left arm. He was taken to hospital, where doctors assured us the problem was not serious. In my seat on Air Canada, five minutes before takeoff, a flight attendant told me coolly there was a telephone call for me at the gate. On the line was my youngest brother, and I found out Joe had died at the hospital, from complications due to heart failure.

This was still my wandering time. I went to a workshop in California, attended a conference in Virginia, visited The Farm in Tennessee, and Serius Ecovillage in Massachusetts. Spent a week helping with the annual clean-up at the Kripalu Center for Yoga and Health, and flew off to another program at Findhorn, in Scotland. Much of the northern winter that year I lived in the New Zealand summer. There I volunteered with the Tararu Valley Sanctuary and Land Trust, where I met young Sarah (from Victoria, B.C.), whose job it was to look after the dozens of stoat traps laid out along the hundreds of kilometers of trails. Stoats are slender-bodied carnivores, from the mustelid (weasel) family; voracious vermin introduced in New Zealand in the late 19th century to control the rabbit population, which itself had been brought to New Zealand earlier that century for sportsmen to hunt and to remind the British colonizers of home. Unfortunately for the kiwis, stoats feast on kiwi eggs and decimate the kiwi chick population. I’d been told only five percent of all kiwi eggs survive to hatch.

That spring, like a migrating bird, I was back in Vancouver, determined to treat my mother with the love and respect she had always deserved, something I’d been withholding since my voice had changed. She’d recently lost her only companion, Hamlet, the yellow lab guide dog who hadn’t left her side for ten years, to lung cancer. And she’d experienced unexplained blackouts and episodes of collapse. We walked in Jericho Beach Park, my mother with her portable oxygen unit and white cane, smoking a cigarette. We took the ferry to Granville Island, rode the bus around town, and I treated her to her favourite fish and chips meal in English Bay.

Meanwhile, I’d made plans to spend six months in California at a retreat centre, volunteering in the gift shop while taking a therapeutic massage training course. The night before my 24-hour bus ride to California, my friend Shelley joined us for dinner at a vegetarian restaurant in Kitsilano. My mother did her best to impress Shelley with tales of me as a child in Israel, with a hint of pride and more than a little relish. I asked her if she recalled me ever fibbing my way out of blame for my occasional mischievous misadventures. She thought not.

Early the next morning, I’d boarded the Greyhound with backpack in hand, Canadian flag bright red and white on blue canvas. At the Peace Arch border crossing, I answered questions with what I had realized later was probably more candor than necessary. Suddenly, an international crossing at the longest peaceful border in the world, one I’d made nonchalantly a dozen times before, turned into an episode Kafka would have been proud to report. You need to have a visa to work in the US, the man in the dark uniform, gun holstered at hip, had told me. “But I’m actually paying them to take the course. I’m a volunteer,” I pleaded. It didn’t matter. “Entry to the US denied.”

Shelley came to get me and back in Vancouver I found out my mother had died in the night, alone in her bed, probably from a stroke or a heart attack.

In The Songlines, Bruce is introduced to the titular Aboriginal creation myth by his friend Arkady. Unlike the creation myth in Genesis, Aboriginal ancestors created themselves from clay in the Dreaming time. There are hundreds of thousands of ancestors, one for each species. Each scattered a trail of words and musical notes along these Dreaming-tracks – the Songlines, which became “both map and direction-finder. If you knew the song, you could always find your way.”

In those moments when synchronicity pays me a visit, I am awed, as though I’d been sent a special message from the Gods. Being present for the deaths of my father and my mother forced me to look again at my heritage, and to respect the values I hadn’t appreciated until later as ones I’d adopted from them by osmosis. Or maybe I’d been rewarded for my resolve (better late than not at all) to accept and love them as they lived. And the chameleon encounters could simply be saying my survival method of adapting and changing to match my environment is completely appropriate. The Songlines reminds me of my affinity with the desert, with nomads, and with indigenous peoples. And Maslow and Antoine de Saint Exupéry intersected in my life to validate my own search for truth.

More than anything, though, I realize that even an unsettled fool sings his landscape. There are moments when I catch the rhyme in my life, or should I say when the rhyme catches me, and in those moments I know that even as I walk alone on this alien planet, I am never lonely.

Outside my window, mid-morning sun glistens on maroon and orange and auburn apple trees as songbirds fill the air with melody, joyfully announcing their spring return. I watch and listen quietly, doing nothing, as the grass grows by itself. Sunny dandelions hold their heads up high, and I see a fawn has arrived to graze. Soon there are two of them, munching on succulent leaves. Perhaps they are brother and sister. A minute passes and a doe joins the young ones. And then a young buck arrives. Suddenly they all turn their heads towards the street, and in an instant they scamper up the hill and are gone.

 

Before the Law

Critical Review of Franz Kafka’s Before the Law, a parable within a parable

(see the wiki entry on this work by Kafka here)

The literary form of the parable

In using the form of the parable (Kafka had a special talent for parables), Kafka shows he is the equal of the Zen masters, who realized that one way to jar their students towards a consciousness-changing insight was through the use of koans. Kafka’s parables are to Europeans what the koans are to the students of Zen. With parable, as with the koan, the form is everything – content is secondary to form.

Here is an example of a parable from a Buddhist sutra:

A man traveling across a field encountered a tiger. He fled, the tiger after him. Coming to a precipice, he caught hold of the root of a wild vine and swung himself down over the edge. The tiger sniffed at him from above. Trembling, the man looked down to where, far below, another tiger was waiting to eat him. Only the vine sustained him. Two mice, one white and one black, little by little started to gnaw away the vine. The man saw a luscious strawberry near him. Grasping the vine with one hand, he plucked the strawberry with the other. How sweet it tasted!

And this is the opening verse from a well-known collection of Zen koans:

The great Way has no gate; There are a thousand different roads.

If you pass through this barrier once, you will walk independently in the universe.

–        The Gateless Gate, The Classic Book of Zen Koans1

Some material from the bible could be described as parables.2 With all parables, paradox is the essential element. Paradox directs the reader to look inward for some fresh insight and wisdom. Knowledge may lead to understanding, but never to wisdom.

Kierkegaard valued parables and stories as forms better suited to the study of philosophy. Parables direct the reader to self-examination, provoke self-discovery, and cultivate the capability of developing the self.2

Symbolism in Kafka’s Before the Law

Readers can ponder the many possible meanings for the symbols in Before The Law. The ‘law’ could be: Enlightenment, God, religion, ethics and morals, truth, the meaning of life, your life’s purpose (‘this gate was meant only for  you’), the great mystery of the universe, or simply the law – that system of rules used to administer justice. Who is the doorkeeper? And who is the man from the country? And what does the door stand for? The beauty of this work of art is that it speaks to each reader differently. Many readers will be perplexed. And some will simply despise it. Others could be frustrated. It is like a koan. No matter which way you turn to find logic, you find only paradox. And then you might see that trying to make sense of the parable using your logical thinking leads nowhere – leads to a door guarded by a doorkeeper who refuses to let you in. This parable within a parable (as part of the novel The Trial) is intended to perplex.

Two types of possible interpretations of Before the Law

a)    Existentialist interpretations:

  • Be bold as you follow your life’s journey. You will encounter obstacles and you must push on fearlessly. The man from the country is not barred from entering – he is afraid to enter without permission. No one said it would be easy. There is a price of admission – one must ignore the doorkeeper’s veto. The man from the country decides to wait, thereby neglecting to exercise his existential responsibility.
  • You must not submit to the doorkeepers in your life – those who wish to steer you away from your authentic self.
  • Rules suck the life out of you – do not let them grind you down to inaction. March past the doorkeeper, and the next, and the next. Fight them if you must.

 

b)    Anti-existentialist (or post-existentialist) interpretations:

  • Accepting the mystery of the unknown, foregoing the search for a unifying explanation, allows you to focus on life as it happens in the present. It is pointless to sit and wait for permission to live, while frittering away your life.
  • Accepting absurdity and arbitrariness in the world leads to letting go of a need to control your life, to achieve success according to societal expectations, to be somebody rather than to be yourself. Letting go of control leads to inner peace.

 

Connections

Does Kafka’s parable lead to nihilism? No, there is no nihilism here. It is simply suggesting that you cannot sit around waiting for admittance to the law (whatever it is), while wasting your life away. You must live in each moment of time that you are alive as if it is the only moment. Otherwise, like Kafka’s man from the country, you risk living for the sake of the search – a search for something that is not available to you. Do not wait to discover that when most of your life is behind you.

This is the opposite of nihilism – while it annihilates the future and does away with all hope, it affirms the notion that being alive now is all there is. So, be alive, or rather – live! Instead of searching for the law, or truth, or meaning – just live!

The law, or truth, or meaning, can be found in the living of every moment in authentic relationship  (Buber, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Kierkegaard, Camus). There is no need to assume any personal responsibility (Ellison, Sartre, Tillich, Frankl) for anything else.

When one lets go of the search for God, for truth, for purpose or meaning, for a theory of everything, for an explanation of all that is – it is then that one can be free to live with God, with the law, with nature, with oneself, with the world. The gate is made only for you, but there is no path to it. There is no way for you to get there from where you are. It is a gateless gate. Once you pass through the gate that is not there, you are free, because you are no longer looking for the law (truth, meaning, etc.)

Martin Buber loved the Hasidic tales. The one about the three rabbis and a maggid who wishes to save their people from harm, suggests that God (or truth, or the law) does not require religion or rules or prayer. All the fourth rabbi could do was to tell the story. And it was sufficient, “(f)or God made men because he loves stories.” Good stories keep the reader engaged by creating tension, through a complication – something that makes the life of the main character difficult. In Before the Law, a man wants to know the law. He believes it should be available to all. But a doorkeeper tells him he cannot enter, and invites him to wait. Maybe he will be allowed to enter later. And there is the complication. The reader is in suspense. Will the man gain entrance?

Kafka does not provide a satisfactory closure to the complication. At the height of tension – when the man is close to death – the doorkeeper shuts the door. For the reader, the parable has the same ending as the shutting of the door has for the man from the country. Our desire for a happy ending is thwarted. The law is inaccessible to the man from the country. And maybe God, truth, meaning – in a way humans can describe it – is inaccessible to us humans.

What does the work tell me about my own existence?

I love simplicity. But in Art I am drawn to complexity, ambiguity, and paradox. A character in Bergman’s Autum Sonata says she can live in her art, but not in her life. For life is one great paradox. There is no point in letting life pass me by while I search for the doorway to my truth. Truth is here, all the time. Just as it is nowhere, never. Kafka’s simple and yet complex parable is like a Bach piano concerto, Bergman’s Autumn Sonata, Rumi’s poetry, Maui surf at sunset, the call of the kookaburra, a child’s laughter. Explanation is not required. Words are unnecessary.

I have lived on the lip of insanity, wanting to know reasons, knocking on a door. It opens. I’ve been knocking from the inside.     

Rumi (version by Coleman Barks)

In oneself lies the whole world, and if you know how to look and learn, then the door is there and the key is in your hand. Nobody on earth can give you either that key or the door to open, except yourself.

J. Krishnamurti

 

Endnotes:

  1. Yamada, Koun, The Gateless Gate, Wisdom Publications, Boston 2004
  2. Bonsignore, John, In Parables: Teaching Through Parables 12 Legal Studies Forum, 191 (1988)