{"id":346,"date":"2014-03-20T15:22:00","date_gmt":"2014-03-20T22:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/hmcsrainbowhistory\/?page_id=346"},"modified":"2014-04-12T20:01:33","modified_gmt":"2014-04-13T03:01:33","slug":"during-war","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/hmcsrainbowhistory\/history-2\/during-war\/","title":{"rendered":"Rainbow During the War"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/h2>\n
\"Rainbow<\/a>
Rainbow (foreground) and British warship at anchor. Image Source: Maritime Museum of British Columbia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/h2>\n

The War Begins: \u201cRemember Nelson and the British Navy. All Canada is watching\u201d<\/h2>\n
\"H.M.C.S.<\/a>
H.M.C.S. Rainbow Crew
Image Source: Victoria Maritime Museum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

On August 4th<\/sup>, 1914, Great Britain declared war on Germany.\u00a0 The Rainbow <\/i>had already been ordered to sea two days prior with the seemingly impossible task of protecting \u201ctrade routes north of the equator.\u201d[1]<\/a>. Upon learning war had been declared, Commander Hose<\/a> immediately had the ship fire its guns<\/a> for calibration and practice.[2]<\/a> News soon came that proper high explosive ammunition for the ship\u2019s guns had arrived in Esquimalt by train. Hose immediately headed on a bearing for home. The Rainbow<\/i> had half of its compliment of crew<\/a>, and significant portion of these were brand new volunteers with little to no training.[3]<\/a> \u00a0Yet as the Rainbow <\/i>steamed for home, an urgent telegram reached its wireless set.<\/p>\n

[German cruisers] NURNBERG and LEIPZIG reported August 4TH<\/sup> off Magdalena Bay steering north.\u00a0 Ends. Do your utmost to protect [British sloops] ALGERINE and SHEARWATER steering north from San Diego.\u00a0 Remember Nelson and the British Navy. All Canada is watching.<\/em>[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

The two British sloops were in imminent danger if they encountered the roving German cruisers. Rainbow <\/i>was the only allied ship in the West Pacific that could offer assistance.[5]<\/a>\u00a0 Upon receiving this message, the Rainbow <\/i>reversed course and began heading south. Even with all its deficiencies, the ship was ready to engage the enemy if necessary.<\/p>\n

The Victoria press had gotten wind of the Rainbo<\/i>w\u2019s departure and that a German cruiser was reported in the area. A.F. Duguid, the official historian of Canadian involvement in the First World War, detailed the panic that gripped British Columbians at this alarming news.<\/p>\n

“The reported presence of two German light cruisers off the Pacific coast gave rise to popular apprehensions of attack on Vancouver, Victoria or Prince Rupert. For the next three weeks there was widespread alarm, the banks shipped their gold reserves to Seattle or Winnipeg and arranged to burn their paper currency if the Germans landed, and some people fled inland. On 8th August the D.O.C. was ordered to \u201cbe ready at a moment\u2019s notice to mobilize all troops on the coast to guard every coal dock.\u201d[6]<\/b><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Although this hysteria gripped the psyche of many civilians, the press reported favourably on the Rainbow<\/i>.\u00a0 According to the Victoria Times<\/i>, the Rainbow <\/i>\u201cwas a faster boat mounting two six inch guns, [Rainbow<\/i>] is more than a match for the German boat.\u201d[7]<\/a>\u00a0 This was an optimistic outlook at best. The more modern German cruisers were superior to the Rainbow <\/i>in\u00a0 all other ways unmentioned.[8]<\/a> It was well understood by many who saw the ship <\/i>leave Esquimalt, that they may never see the Rainbow<\/i> again.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cOperating Alone on a Very Dangerous Mission\u201d: The Rainbow <\/i>patrols the Pacific.<\/h2>\n
\"View<\/a>
View of the Bridge from the deck during operations at sea. Image Source: the Maritime Museum of British Columbia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Rainbow <\/i>was bound for San Francisco on August 5th<\/sup>, and according to her ship\u2019s log, the crew began \u201cpreparing [the] ship for battle when everyone developed a craze of throwing overboard everything that was movable.\u201d[10]<\/a>\u00a0 The anxiety amongst the crew was infectious; the threat of battle seemed imminent. \u00a0She reached San Francisco by the 7th<\/sup>, and set about attempting to coal from the neutral American port.\u00a0 Commander Hose<\/a> received many conflicting reports of German cruiser activity while in harbour, and had no contact with the two sloops he had been sent to protect.[11]<\/a>\u00a0 Orders from Admiralty confirmed that the Algerine <\/i>and Shearwater<\/i> were already north of San Francisco, and Rainbow set out in search of them.\u00a0 Again, the crew began tearing out any unnecessary woodwork that may catch fire and tossed it overboard into San Francisco harbour.[12]<\/a>\u00a0 When this flotsam was discovered near the Golden Gate Bridge, and its origin was determined to be the Rainbow,<\/i> some anxiety was caused; it was assumed she had been lost in battle.[13]<\/a>\u00a0 In reality, she was patrolling around the Farralone Islands <\/a>just off of San Francisco in search of her two wards.\u00a0 The German cruiser Leipzig <\/i>was also in the area at this time, and if not for thick fog surrounding the area the two ships would have certainly made contact.[14]<\/a>\u00a0 On the 10th<\/sup>, the Rainbow <\/i>steamed north to a rendezvous point in hopes of keeping the Germans between her and the sloops.\u00a0 \u00a0When the other ships did not arrive at the rendezvous, Commander Hose<\/a> had to head <\/i>back to Esquimalt. Her coal deposits were running dangerously low.[15]<\/a>\u00a0 The sloops were still missing, the enemy had not been contacted, and the Rainbow <\/i>was reluctantly forced to head home.<\/p>\n

On the morning of August 12th<\/sup>, the Rainbow <\/i>crew was hastily called to action. An unidentified warship had been sighted!\u00a0 Upon further inspection, the \u201cenemy\u201d turned out to be the Prince George; <\/i>a Grand Trunk Pacific railway steamer fitted as a hospital ship to assist the Rainbow.<\/i>[16]<\/a> <\/i>Both ships turned for home.\u00a0 Twenty miles outside of Esquimalt they encountered the Shearwater, <\/i>whose captain was still unaware that war had been declared. [17]<\/a>\u00a0 Arriving home on the 13th<\/sup>, no word of the Algerine <\/i>was available. <\/i>After a brief respite and recoiling in Esquimalt, the Rainbow <\/i>prepared to set out in search for her.[18]<\/a>\u00a0 A compliment of high explosive shells was put on, but much to the chagrin of the gunners, the shells had no fuses and were decidedly useless.[19]<\/a> A small number of the crew, who according to the ship\u2019s log had \u201chad enough of the sea,\u201d were discharged and new volunteers were taken aboard.[20]<\/a>\u00a0 The Rainbow <\/i>left base on the 14th<\/sup>, at full speed in search of the lost sloop.\u00a0 The Algerine <\/i>was sighted taking on coal from a passing ship the next afternoon.[21]<\/a>\u00a0 When the Rainbow <\/i>came upon her, the captain of the sloop signaled \u201cI am damned glad to see you.\u201d[22]<\/a>\u00a0 The two ships reached home on the evening of the 15th<\/sup>; both sloops were now safe in harbour.[23]<\/a>\u00a0 The Rainbow<\/i> had completed its first mission, and had sustained no casualties; however, the war was far from over.<\/p>\n

\u201cUnhappy Cruiser Leipzig!\u201d: Allied Presence in the Pacific Grows Stronger<\/h2>\n
\"\"
The Rainbow’s enemy, the German cruiser Leipzig<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Although the Rainbow <\/i>had successfully escorted the two sloops home, British Pacific Coast shipping was still in danger from the roving German cruisers in the region.\u00a0 Rumours abounded of ships being captured and plundered by the Germans in the waters outside San Francisco. These stories \u201cparalyzed the movements of British shipping from Vancouver to Panama.\u201d[24]<\/a>\u00a0 On the 13th<\/sup> of August, the captain of the Leipzig <\/i>sailed into San Francisco harbour and boasted \u201cWe shall engage the enemy whenever and wherever we meet him.\u00a0 The number and size of our antagonists will make no difference to us.\u201d[25]<\/a>\u00a0 This could be interpreted an insult to British naval power in the Pacific, but also as a challenge to the Japanese cruiser Idzumo <\/i>which was present on the West Coast.[26]<\/a> \u00a0<\/i>Although Japan would not declare war on Germany until the 23rd<\/sup>, the Idzumo\u2019<\/i>s captain had made it clear he intended on shadowing the Leipzig <\/i>as it conducted operations.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Upon learning of the Idzumo<\/i>\u2019s intentions, the Victoria Times <\/i>reported under the headline \u201c\u201dUnhappy Cruiser Leipzig!\u201d that the German cruiser will \u201cbe stalked wherever she may go by a warship big enough to swallow her in one bite.\u201d[28]<\/a> Another boon to the protection of British Columbia came in the form of two submarines.\u00a0 Right before war was declared, the B.C. Government had secured two submarines originally intended for the Chilean Navy from an American shipbuilder.\u00a0 These subs marked an unprecedented purchase of military equipment by a Province.\u00a0 Although it took time to crew and arm them, their presence was seen as deterring German movements northward.[29]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0As the Japanese entered the war, and the British began establishing a stronger presence in the Pacific, the waters of the region were only to get more dangerous for the Germans.<\/p>\n

Reinforcements Arrive: The Rainbow <\/i>Fades, as its Role Declines.<\/h2>\n

On the 18th<\/sup> of August, a Bristol class cruiser, the Newcastle<\/i>, was dispatched from Japan to Esquimalt.\u00a0 This was a much more powerful ship than the Rainbow, <\/i>or any German cruiser in the Area for that matter.[30]<\/a> On the same day the Rainbow <\/i>received orders to \u201cproceed and engage or drive off Leipzig <\/i>from trade routes off San Francisco.\u201d[31]<\/a>\u00a0 The Rainbow <\/i>eagerly <\/i>readied for this fight, only to have the orders rescinded.\u00a0 Apparently two German cruisers were in the area, and the admiralty was not willing to sacrifice her in a clearly unequal struggle.[32]<\/a>\u00a0 An enemy presence was reported off of Prince Rupert the next day.\u00a0 The Rainbow <\/i>steamed up the coast at full speed, and Commander Hose gained the impression that German cruisers had coaled from American ships in the area.[33]<\/a> Ultimately, all of these suspicions would prove to be rumours.\u00a0 There was no German presence north of San Francisco during this period.[34]<\/a>\u00a0 Regardless of the Rainbo<\/i>w\u2019s tenacity to join the fight, her role was set to diminish.\u00a0 On August 25th<\/sup>, the Idzumo <\/i>sailed into Esquimalt.[35]<\/a>\u00a0 The Newcastle <\/i>arrived five days later; the same day the Rainbow <\/i>returned from the North.[36]<\/a>\u00a0 She was now far from the only significant allied presence on the West Coast, and the German cruisers of the Pacific were in no place to contend against these new arrivals.[37]<\/a>\u00a0 The burden of West Coast defence was now removed from the Rainbow <\/i>and her crew.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>
The powerful Japanese cruiser Idzumo steams into Esquimalt. Image Source: Maritime Museum of British Columbia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Rainbow <\/i>was not fully removed from combat duty at this point.\u00a0 As the Idzumo <\/i>and Newcastle <\/i>sallied into the waters off San Francisco, the Rainbow <\/i>was left behind guarding the colliers supplying the larger and faster ships.[38]<\/a>\u00a0 Their search was in vain. The German cruisers who had been terrorizing the British shipping had now joined a much larger force pushed out of the South Pacific by Japan\u2019s entry into the war. [39]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 This force was attempting to return to the Atlantic, and the British were determined to stop it at all costs.\u00a0 The Rainbow <\/i>was put under direct admiralty control, and was assembled off of Mexico with British, Japanese, and Australian forces, in an attempt to intercept the escaping Germans.[40]<\/a>\u00a0 On October 9th<\/sup>, this force was dispatched from the waters off of San Diego to find the enemy; however, the Rainbow <\/i>was to be left behind.[41]<\/a>\u00a0 Upon receiving this news, Commander Hose <\/a>immediately requested by telegram that the ship be included on the mission.<\/em><\/p>\n

Submit Admiralty may be asked to arrange with senior Naval Officer of the Allied Squadron assembled off San Diego that RAINBOW shall, if possible, be in company with squadron when engaged with enemy<\/em>. [42]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hose\u2019s request was soundly dismissed by a curt reply from the Admiralty.<\/p>\n

There are many reasons for not complying with your request. A matter of sentiment cannot be considered as excuse for asking Admiralty to alter their arrangements.\u00a0 They are very much occupied.\u00a0 Another thing, if RAINBOW were lost immediately there would be much criticism on account of her age being sent to engage modern vessels.\u00a0 Can quite understand your anxiety to take a more active part in operations\u2026 [but] one cannot do more than his best.<\/em> [43]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The guns to be removed from Seymour Passage. Image Source: Maritime Museum of British Columbia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Rainbow <\/i>was ordered back to Esquimalt to act as a messaging relay between Esquimalt and the Allied Squadron.[44]<\/a>\u00a0 In December, the ship was tasked with removing guns from coastal defences in Seymour Passage, and with assisting British shipping in the area.[45]<\/a>\u00a0 The threat from the Germans was dissipating.<\/p>\n

In January of 1915, the Rainbow was <\/i>ordered back off of Mexico to patrol for the German cruiser Dresden,<\/i> a remnant of the German force the Rainbow <\/i>had desperately wanted to pursue.[46]<\/a>\u00a0 The German squadron had been smashed off of the Falklands by a powerful British fleet after they had destroyed a smaller British force the previous November.\u00a0 Although the Rainbow <\/i>would have been in grave danger had it confronted the Dresden, <\/i>it was ordered to find the ship then flee so larger ships could be brought to bear.[47]<\/a> \u00a0The Dresden <\/i>was eventually located in the South Pacific and sunk in March 1915.[48]<\/a>\u00a0 Once again the Rainbow <\/i>was ordered home.\u00a0 After this date, she was effectively removed from combat danger for the rest of her service.<\/p>\n

\u2018Performing an Unusual Service\u2019: the Russian Gold Bullion Exchange<\/h2>\n
\"Boullion<\/a>
Boullion Transfer from Japanese Ships in Barklay Sound.
Photo Source: Maritime Museum of British Columbia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Rainbow <\/i>remained busy in the period up until 1917, patrolling for German shipping and raiders.\u00a0 She seized several ships during this time, and had a full crew and a collier to supply her on cruises.[49]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 On several occasions during 1916 and 1917, she was involved in the transfer of gold bullion from the Russian Government facing revolution back home.\u00a0 Large amounts of gold came across the Pacific on Japanese ships, and was transferred to the Rainbow <\/i>in clandestine operations on the isolated West Coast of Vancouver Island.[50]<\/a>\u00a0 In all nearly $140,000,000 worth of gold was transported by the Rainbow<\/i>.[51]<\/a> This was quite a sum for a dilapidated cruiser purchased for a lowly \u00a3215,000 six years earlier.<\/p>\n

Rainbow Retired: She is paid off, the Crew Shipped out, and the War Comes to an end.<\/h2>\n

By 1917, the Pacific Coast of North America was no longer in need of the Rainbow<\/i>\u2019s <\/i>service.\u00a0 The Japanese had long secured the North Pacific.\u00a0 With the American entry into the war on April 6th<\/sup>, 1917, there was no more German shipping along the Coast to harry.[52]<\/a> Meanwhile, there was difficulty manning East Coast naval operations, and the Rainbow <\/i>was increasingly being recognized as entirely obsolete.[53]<\/a>\u00a0 By the end of April, the Admiralty was making plans to decommission her.[54]<\/a>\u00a0 She performed her last duties by training gunners for the Eastern patrol vessels, and was paid off (meaning crew was entirely compensated and disbanded), on May 8th<\/sup>, 1917.[55]<\/a>\u00a0 She was converted into a depot ship in June, and remained in Esquimalt making short voyages around Vancouver Island for occasional training of new officers.[56]<\/a>\u00a0 As the war raging in the Europe played itself out, the Rainbow <\/i>was effectively out of naval service.<\/p>\n

After the war, the Rainbow <\/i>languished at dock until purchased for $67,777 dollars by an American scrap metal company.\u00a0 In September 1920, she was shipped out of Esquimalt; so ended the career of one of the first ships to Sail for Canada\u2019s navy.[57]<\/a> She would not last long after her sale, as she soon sunk being towed outside of Seattle while loaded up with copper ore.[58]<\/a> \u00a0The Rainbow<\/i> had performed well in her duties, and was far more active during war than ever had been planned.\u00a0 Although she never actually saw combat, the Rainbow<\/i> performed gallantly as one of the first ships in the Canadian Naval Service, and she left a lasting legacy<\/a> that exists to this day.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Crew<\/a>
Crew leaving for Halifax after the Rainbow was decommissioned (1916)
Image Source: Maritime Museum of British Columbia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Footnotes<\/h4>\n
\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/a> Ibid, 11.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/a> Marc Milner. Canada’s Navy: The First Century, (2nd ed ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010) 36.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/a> Gilbert Norman Tucker, \u201cThe Career of the H.M.C.S. Rainbow,\u201d British Columbia Historical Quarterly<\/i>, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1943. 13.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/a> Archer Fortescue Duguid, Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War, 1914-1919. General Series Vol. I, from the Outbreak of War to the Formation of the Canadian Corps, August 1914-September 1915, (Ottawa: J.O. Patenaude, printer to the King, 1938) 14.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6]<\/a> Ibid, 14.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/a> Ibid, 10.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8]<\/a> Ibid, 12.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10]<\/a> Admiral Patrick Brock, \u201cRainbow 1891-1910,\u201d in the Brock Files, Original documents in Maritime Museum of British Columbia, Victoria B.C. n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12]<\/a> Tucker, \u201cThe Career of the H.M.C.S. Rainbow,\u201d <\/i>15.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14]<\/a> Duguid, 25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15]<\/a> Tucker, 15.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16]<\/a> Milner, 39.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17]<\/a> Tucker, 16.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[18]<\/a> Brock, n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]<\/a> Ibid, 16.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20]<\/a> Brock, n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21]<\/a> Tucker, \u201cThe Career of the H.M.C.S. Rainbow,\u201d <\/i>16.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23]<\/a> Duguid, 25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25]<\/a> Milner, 40.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28]<\/a> Tucker, \u201cThe Career of the H.M.C.S. Rainbow,\u201d <\/i>16.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]<\/a> Milner, 41.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30]<\/a> Tucker, \u201cThe Career of the H.M.C.S. Rainbow,\u201d <\/i>16.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/a> Milner, 42.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36]<\/a> Brock, n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37]<\/a> Milner, 40.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38]<\/a> Brock, n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[39]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[40]<\/a> Duguid, 26.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[41]<\/a> Brock, n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[42]<\/a> Brock, n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[43]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[44]<\/a> Milner, 40.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[45]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[46]<\/a> Tucker,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[47]<\/a> Brock, n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[48]<\/a> Milner, 43.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[49]<\/a> Gilbert Norman Tucker, The Naval Service of Canada: Its Official History<\/i>, (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1952), 280.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[50]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[51]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[52]<\/a> Ibid, 280.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[53]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[54]<\/a> Brock, n.p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[55]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[56]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[57]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[58]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The War Begins: \u201cRemember Nelson and the British Navy. All Canada is watching\u201d On August 4th, 1914, Great Britain declared war on Germany.\u00a0 The Rainbow had already been ordered to sea two days prior with the seemingly impossible task of protecting \u201ctrade routes north of the equator.\u201d[1]. Upon learning war had been declared, Commander Hose … <\/p>\n

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