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An online library for beginners to learn about the various forms that climate change litigation is taking all throughout the world.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#C5310D” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Disclaimer: This website is a work in process. The information on this website is written by students. It is intended to be an educational tool for the general public. It does not intend to cover all climate-related litigation. Nothing in this website should be construed as legal advice.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|tablet” admin_label=”About” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||10vw|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|10vw||10vw||true” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_width_px__hover=”1080px” custom_width_px__hover_enabled=”1080px” custom_width_percent__hover=”80%” custom_width_percent__hover_enabled=”80%” global_colors_info=”{}” gutter_width__hover=”3″ gutter_width__hover_enabled=”3″ parallax_1__hover=”off” parallax_1__hover_enabled=”off” parallax_2__hover=”off” parallax_2__hover_enabled=”off” parallax_3__hover=”off” parallax_3__hover_enabled=”off” parallax_method_1__hover=”on” parallax_method_1__hover_enabled=”on” parallax_method_2__hover=”on” parallax_method_2__hover_enabled=”on” parallax_method_3__hover=”on” parallax_method_3__hover_enabled=”on” use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” 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\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding_tablet=”0vw|||” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”100%” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”right” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding_tablet=”|10vw||10vw||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/introduction\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”READ FULL INTRODUCTION HERE” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding_tablet=”0vw|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”100%” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”right” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding_tablet=”|10vw||10vw||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” header_2_font=”||||||||” text_font_size_tablet=”14px” text_font_size_phone=”” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Climate change litigation is an umbrella term that may be used for any lawsuit broadly connected to climate change.<\/p>\n
One example are lawsuits brought by individuals, cultural minority groups, indigenous peoples or environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) against a federal state or a sub-state\/province, seeking stricter climate protection measures. Such lawsuits can target a specific law, program or policy which the litigants deem to be insufficient. In the absence of such a law, program or policy, litigants may seek an order by the court to force the legislature or government to enact climate legislation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n
Another example are motions for judicial review<\/a> of particular projects, such as the expansion of an oil pipeline, construction of an airport or highway, or authorization to extract natural resources, which are claimed to negatively affect the climate.<\/p>\n Lawsuits against private companies (particularly oil or energy companies), aiming to force them to reduce their carbon footprint, are another example of climate change related litigation.<\/p>\n On the other hand, companies or individuals may file lawsuits against a federal or sub-state government challenging climate regulations which they deem to be too strict<\/a>.<\/p>\n Climate change litigation has boomed in recent years, with new cases being brought weekly in different countries around the world.<\/p>\n The United States has been at the forefront, with more than a thousand lawsuits relating to climate change pending or adjudicated (material on US cases can be found on the website of Columbia University’s Sabin Center for Climate Change Law<\/a>).<\/p>\n Other countries which have seen large numbers of climate change related cases are Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Canada, but litigation is also advancing in countries of the global South such as India, Pakistan and Brazil (statistics and material on climate change litigation outside the USA can be found on the website of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment<\/a>).<\/p>\n During the early days of climate change litigation, few people may have believed that such cases can ever be successful in courts of law, or that they can have any substantial impact on a country\u2019s climate policies.<\/p>\n In recent years, however, litigants have achieved significant victories.<\/p>\n Read more…<\/a><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_line_height=”2em” link_font=”|700||on|||||” link_text_color=”#b3c938″ link_font_size=”12px” link_letter_spacing=”1px” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”40px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_3_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_3_font_size=”24px” header_3_line_height=”1.4em” custom_margin=”||10px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog posts_number=”1″ include_categories=”71″ use_manual_excerpt=”off” show_author=”off” show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”off” show_pagination=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_font=”||||||||” body_line_height=”2em” meta_font=”|600|||||||” meta_text_color=”rgba(85,103,127,0.5)” meta_line_height=”2em” custom_padding=”40px|30px|1px|30px|false|true” animation_style=”fade” border_radii_fullwidth=”||||” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_vertical=”32px” box_shadow_blur=”200px” box_shadow_spread=”-16px” box_shadow_color=”rgba(85,103,127,0.3)” global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#FFBA5A” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] Click below to explore some of the categories of cases that we have.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#FFBA5A” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] Under this category, we summarize lawsuits against federal or sub-state legislators and\/or governments, in which the plaintiffs challenge insufficient efforts to tackle climate change, with the goal of enforcing stricter climate policies.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_cta title=”Cases against specific legislation or policies” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/cases-against-specific-legislation-or-policies\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-31.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” min_height=”464px” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/cases-against-specific-legislation-or-policies\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n Under this header, we summarize litigation targeting specific legislation or policies, such as sectoral policies, which the plaintiff deems to be insufficient and to provide insufficient protection from the threats of climate change.\u00a0<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0|0px|27px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_cta title=”Lawsuits against private companies” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/lawsuits-against-private-companies\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.20.4″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-21.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/lawsuits-against-private-companies\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n A rather new trend in climate change litigation are lawsuits against private companies, typically the so-called \u201ccarbon majors\u201d which are responsible for a large share of greenhouse gas emission. Such lawsuits are usually based on tort law.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_cta title=”Judicial review of projects and permits” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/judicial-review\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-27.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/judicial-review\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n Litigants are increasingly challenging governmental permits in court because the permit allegedly does not consider the effects of the project on climate change.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_cta title=”Anti-regulatory litigation” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/anti-regulatory-litigation\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-32.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/anti-regulatory-litigation\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n Under this category, we summarize lawsuits, mostly brought by large corporations, against legislation or policies which the litigants deem too strict.\u00a0<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_cta title=”Climate Activists, Divestment, Misc.” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/misc\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16.1″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2021\/01\/billboard-restoration-2016.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” min_height=”376px” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”54px|20px|54px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/misc\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n Civil, criminal and administrative trials against climate activists and protesters for trespassing, obstructing public order or resisting police are also gaining ever more importance.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Priorities” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”|0px|8vw|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row module_id=”legalbasis” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text module_id=”typesofcases” _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” header_font=”||||||||” header_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font_size=”45px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” background_layout=”dark” max_width=”700px” module_alignment=”left” text_font_size_tablet=”14px” text_font_size_phone=”” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#FFBA5A” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] Claims based on fundamental rights may include those enshrined by:<\/p>\n \u2022 National Human Rights Documents [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_cta title=”Other Constitutional Claims” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/legal-basis\/other-constitutional-claims\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2021\/02\/Constitution_de_lan_XII._Page_1_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-II-1512.jpg” background_size=”initial” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” min_height=”344.6px” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/legal-basis\/other-constitutional-claims\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n Lawsuits can be based on constitutional claims other than fundamental rights, for example:<\/p>\n \u2022 Disputes between federal and sub-state entities<\/p>\n \u2022 Disputes between different branches of government<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_cta title=”public trust doctrine” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/legal-basis\/public-trust-doctrine\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16.1″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2021\/02\/Petrified_forest_log_1_md.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” min_height=”360.6px” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/legal-basis\/public-trust-doctrine\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 What is the Public Trust Doctrine? [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_cta title=”tort law” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/legal-basis\/tort-law\/%20″ url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16.1″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2021\/01\/istockphoto-1132377488-612×612-1.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|false|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/legal-basis\/tort-law\/ ” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n Disputes based on tort law provisions<\/p>\n \u2022Against states<\/p>\n \u2022Against private companies<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Donation” _builder_version=”4.16″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(165,206,199,0.15) 50%|#151f33 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(165,206,199,0.15)” background_color_gradient_start_position=”50%” background_color_gradient_end=”#151f33″ background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-22.jpg” custom_padding=”||||false|false” box_shadow_style=”preset6″ box_shadow_vertical=”240px” box_shadow_blur=”120px” box_shadow_spread=”-80px” 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header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n We have also organized our cases by the jurisdiction they fall under.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#FFBA5A” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blog posts_number=”2″ include_categories=”46″ use_manual_excerpt=”off” show_author=”off” show_date=”off” show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”off” show_pagination=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” header_level=”h3″ header_font=”||on||||||” header_text_color=”#d6d6d6″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”5px||5px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_blog][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/cases-by-jurisdiction\/belgium\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”All Cases” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|40px|||false|false” custom_padding=”|20px|||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_stops=”#848484 0%|#666666 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#848484″ background_color_gradient_end=”#666666″ background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2021\/02\/2880px-Flag_of_Canada_Pantone.svg.png” background_blend=”multiply” custom_margin=”10px||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” border_color_all=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text module_id=”typesofcases” _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”40px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” background_layout=”dark” max_width=”700px” module_alignment=”left” text_font_size_tablet=”14px” text_font_size_phone=”” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ 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button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/cases-by-jurisdiction\/european-union\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”All Cases” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|40px|||false|false” custom_padding=”|20px|||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_stops=”#848484 0%|#666666 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#848484″ background_color_gradient_end=”#666666″ background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2021\/02\/2880px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png” background_blend=”multiply” custom_margin=”10px||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” 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custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blog posts_number=”2″ include_categories=”37″ use_manual_excerpt=”off” show_author=”off” show_date=”off” show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”off” show_pagination=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” header_level=”h3″ header_font=”||on||||||” header_text_color=”#d6d6d6″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”5px||5px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_blog][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/cases-by-jurisdiction\/germany\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”All Cases” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|40px|||false|false” custom_padding=”|20px|||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” use_background_color_gradient=”on” 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button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|false|true” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” global_colors_info=”{}” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on”]<\/p>\n Divestment refers to the action taken by an institution to withdraw money invested in a company or country.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text module_id=”terms” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”45px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#FFBA5A” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#FFBA5A” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] Have questions, comments, feedback?<\/p>\n Are you a UVic student and want to help contribute to this page?<\/p>\n Contact us at <\/strong><\/a>climatechangelitigation@uvic.ca<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>or reach out through the below form.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_contact_form email=”climatechangelitigation@uvic.ca” title=”Send a Message” success_message=”Thank you for reaching out! We will be in touch.” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” _unique_id=”a3992bb4-ca3a-4634-8f9e-f3bef1986a77″ title_font=”Heebo|300|||||||” title_text_color=”gcid-c72c0efd-28c6-4a39-8f88-544d6e1f8afb” title_font_size=”28px” custom_button=”on” global_colors_info=”{%22gcid-c72c0efd-28c6-4a39-8f88-544d6e1f8afb%22:%91%22title_text_color%22%93}”][et_pb_contact_field field_id=”Name” field_title=”Name” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_contact_field][et_pb_contact_field field_id=”Email” field_title=”Email Address” field_type=”email” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_contact_field][et_pb_contact_field field_id=”Message” field_title=”Message” field_type=”text” fullwidth_field=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”off” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_contact_field][\/et_pb_contact_form][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”45px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#FFBA5A” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=”#FFBA5A” divider_weight=”3px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”80px” height=”3px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] Alexa Powell, Cassie Lumsden, Chantal Bacchus, Eric Shapiro, Eva Linde, Iris Fairley-Beam, Jason Lin, Mariyam Ali, Paarth Mittal, Samantha Andison, Sean Price, Shermaine Chua, Sina Berndt, Sonia Ryall-Ota<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Climate Change Litigation for Beginners The University of Victoria An online library for beginners to learn about the various forms that climate change litigation is taking all throughout the world.Disclaimer: This website is a work in process. The information on this website is written by students. It is intended to be an educational tool for […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9472,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"\r\n This is an example page. It's different from a blog post because it will stay in one place and will show up in your site navigation (in most themes). Most people start with an About page that introduces them to potential site visitors. It might say something like this:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Hi there! I'm a bike messenger by day, aspiring actor by night, and this is my website. I live in Los Angeles, have a great dog named Jack, and I like pi\u00f1a coladas. (And gettin' caught in the rain.)<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n ...or something like this:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n The XYZ Doohickey Company was founded in 1971, and has been providing quality doohickeys to the public ever since. Located in Gotham City, XYZ employs over 2,000 people and does all kinds of awesome things for the Gotham community.<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOur Latest Addition!<\/h3>\n
\n[\/et_pb_blog][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding_tablet=”0vw|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-21.jpg” parallax=”on” custom_margin=”||” custom_padding=”26vw||26vw||true” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]
\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Campaigns” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”45px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\nOther Recent Cases and Initiatives<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_blog fullwidth=”off” posts_number=”3″ show_author=”off” show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”off” show_pagination=”off” offset_number=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”14px” header_letter_spacing=”1px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_line_height=”2em” meta_font=”|600|||||||” meta_text_color=”rgba(85,103,127,0.5)” meta_line_height=”2em” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” border_width_all=”0px” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_vertical=”32px” box_shadow_blur=”80px” box_shadow_spread=”-16px” box_shadow_color=”rgba(85,103,127,0.3)” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]
\n[\/et_pb_blog][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Donation” _builder_version=”4.16″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(165,206,199,0.15) 50%|#151f33 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(165,206,199,0.15)” background_color_gradient_start_position=”50%” background_color_gradient_end=”#151f33″ background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-22.jpg” custom_padding=”||||false|false” box_shadow_style=”preset6″ box_shadow_vertical=”240px” box_shadow_blur=”120px” box_shadow_spread=”-80px” box_shadow_color=”#ffffff” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Priorities” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#151f33″ custom_padding=”||8vw|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row module_id=”typesofcases” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text module_id=”typesofcases” _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”45px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” background_layout=”dark” max_width=”700px” module_alignment=”left” text_font_size_tablet=”14px” text_font_size_phone=”” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\nCategories of Cases<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_cta title=”Cases against governments and legislatures to achieve higher greenhouse gas reduction” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/govtsleg\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-30.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/types-of-cases\/govtsleg\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\nLegal Basis<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0|0px|27px|0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_cta title=”Fundamental Rights” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/legal-basis\/fundamental-rights\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2021\/02\/The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948-scaled.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”12px||12px||true|” custom_margin_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|desktop” link_option_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/legal-basis\/fundamental-rights\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_start__hover_enabled=”#2b87da” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”#29c4a9″ background_color_gradient_end__hover_enabled=”#29c4a9″ use_background_color_gradient__hover=”off” use_background_color_gradient__hover_enabled=”off” background_color_gradient_type__hover=”linear” background_color_gradient_type__hover_enabled=”linear” background_color_gradient_direction__hover=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction__hover_enabled=”180deg” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover=”center” background_color_gradient_direction_radial__hover_enabled=”center” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover=”0%” background_color_gradient_start_position__hover_enabled=”0%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover=”100%” background_color_gradient_end_position__hover_enabled=”100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”off” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover_enabled=”off” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”#2b87da 0%|#29c4a9 100%”]<\/p>\n
\u2022 International Human Rights<\/p>\n
\u2022\u00a0 Public Trust Doctrine in the USA
\u2022\u00a0 Public Trust Doctrine in Canada<\/p>\nCases by Jurisdiction<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_stops=”#848484 0%|#666666 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#848484″ background_color_gradient_end=”#666666″ background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2021\/08\/Flag-Belgium.jpg” background_blend=”multiply” custom_margin=”10px||10px||false|false” border_radii=”on|5px|5px|5px|5px” border_color_all=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text module_id=”typesofcases” _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”40px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” background_layout=”dark” max_width=”700px” module_alignment=”left” text_font_size_tablet=”14px” text_font_size_phone=”” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n\u00a0\u00a0 Belgium<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Canada<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 European<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Union<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Germany<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Ireland<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Netherlands<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 South Africa<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Switzerland<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 United<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Kingdom<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 United<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 Nations<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 United<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 States of<\/h2>\n
\u00a0\u00a0 America<\/h2>\n
Special Topics<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||27px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_cta title=”Climate Refugees” button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/refugees\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Learn More” _builder_version=”4.16.1″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|700||on|||||” header_font_size=”18px” header_letter_spacing=”4px” header_line_height=”1.8em” body_text_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.6)” body_line_height=”2em” background_color=”#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_type=”circular” background_color_gradient_direction_radial=”top left” background_color_gradient_stops=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8) 0%|rgba(21,31,51,0.7) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(21,31,51,0.8)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(21,31,51,0.7)” background_image=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/environmental-nonprofit-28.jpg” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#b3c938″ button_bg_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0)” button_border_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”4px” button_font=”Source Sans Pro|700||on|||||” button_icon=”$||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”10px||10px||true” custom_padding=”60px|20px|60px|20px|false|true” link_option_url_new_window=”on” border_radii=”on|10px|10px|10px|10px” global_colors_info=”{}” body_text_color__hover=”#ffffff” body_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” custom_margin__hover=”0px||0px” custom_margin__hover_enabled=”on” custom_padding__hover=”70px||70px” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”on”]<\/p>\nRelevant Terms and Definitions<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/introduction\/definitions\/” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”Relevant Terms and Definitions” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][et_pb_text module_id=”contact” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”45px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\nContact<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”|300|||||||” text_font_size=”16px” header_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_font_size=”40px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”40px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” text_font_tablet=”” text_font_phone=”” text_font_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\nOur Partners<\/h2>\n
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\n[\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_6″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_6″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/PBSC.png” title_text=”PBSC” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]
\n[\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_6″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_6″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/climatechangelitigation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5357\/2020\/10\/UVIC.png” title_text=”UVIC” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]
\n[\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_6″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_2_font_size=”45px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\nStudent Contributors<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”|300|||||||” text_font_size=”16px” header_font=”Abhaya Libre||||||||” header_font_size=”40px” header_2_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” header_2_font_size=”40px” header_2_line_height=”1.4em” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_tablet=”” text_font_phone=”” text_font_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_2_font_size_tablet=”30px” header_2_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n